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About the journal

Dear Reader,

Customs formalities cover global supply chains from the country of exportation to the country of importation. The legal rules to be addressed on the way are extensive (tariff, non-tariff, safety, etc.). They vary across countries and regions, change constantly, and often are inaccessible because of the language barrier and/ or unavailability online. 

Businesses aim to arrange customs formalities in the most cost-effective way, taking into account tariff preferences, the variety of customs procedures, and the simplifications. Therefore, the task to ensure compliant and cost-effective customs formalities is a complex one and any customs-related topic is in the scope of the journal. 

At the core of the Customs Compliance & Risk Management Journal for Practitioners in Europe are these keywords: up-to-date customs knowledge, compliance, harmonisation and simplification of the international and national rules (the simpler the rules, the easier to trade and to manage compliance and risks).

The first bi-monthly issue was released at the end of March 2020. Stakeholders - business, customs, academia, and others - from all over the world are invited to read the journal and to contribute articles.

The Editorial Board:
Enrika Naujokė, CC Learning, UAB, Lithuania
Dr David Savage, Ireland
Roberto Raya da Silva, Raya Consult, Brazil
Prof Dr Borys Kormych, National University 'Odesa Law Academy', Ukraine
Dr Ilona Mishchenko, National University 'Odesa Law Academy', Ukraine
Samuel Draginich, Amazon EU, Luxembourg
Ira Reese, Global Security and Innovative Solutions, the USA
Mark Rowbotham, Portcullis ISC, the UK
Omer Wagner, Israel
Svitlana Siurik, Belgium

We will be happy to answer your questions. Contact us: info@customslcear.net  

Best regards,
Editorial Board

Terms and conditions

Terms and Conditions

Responsibility for the content. The information contained in the Customs Compliance & Risk Management Journal for Practitioners in Europe is for general information purposes only and cannot be construed as legal advice, conclusion or consultation. The publisher CC Learning, UAB (CustomsClear, the Publisher) does not necessarily agree with the views of the authors of articles.

Distribution. The exclusive right to distribute the journal belongs to the Publisher. The paid articles of the journal are only for the use of those who have acquired them lawfully. The originals or copies of the articles may not be distributed, sold, rented, lent or otherwise transferred without the written consent of CustomsClear.

Procedure upon violation. The Publisher will make every effort to resolve any disputes in a consensual manner and therefore asks to be notified (using the contact details provided) of any conflict or misunderstanding before other steps are taken.

Disclaimer. The Publisher accepts no liability for the quality of the information provided or for it being correct, complete or up-to-date. It is the sole responsibility of the authors themselves to ensure compliance with intellectual property rights. We expect authors to indemnify and hold the CustomsClear harmless from any loss, damage, claim, expense or costs, that may be incurred or sustained in connection with or in any way arising out as a result of intellectual property violation claims.

Contact: info@customsclear.net 

Information for authors

Information for Authors

Writing an article is a great way to share your knowledge and, if relevant, to inform readers about your expertise in a particular field of Customs.

Articles are contributed on a non-remunerated basis. Thanking you for your contribution, we will invite you to meet other authors in bimonthly online meetings.

The ISSN 2669-2171 number can be used for academic purposes.

Reader

The reader of the journal is a practitioner dealing with customs-related questions first of all in business. She or he might be a beginner or experienced one. Therefore, please write for practitioners, delivering your message in a simple and clear way. 

Language 

The main language of the journal is English. However, practitioners in many countries do not speak English, therefore, we encourage to write the article in several languages up to your choice.

Structure and length

Please start with about 3-5 sentences introducing what is your article about. Structure the article in short paragraphs, use subtitles. At the end of the article (and/ or in the author’s profile), you may introduce your organisation and services.

The length of the article is up to your choice, the most important is to clearly deliver the knowledge/ the main message to the reader (there are articles of 1000 and of 3000 words, it can be less or more). 

Author’s profile

Additionally, you may send us a picture and a description of the author for the author's profile. The author's profile opens when you click on the author’s name in the article. 

Note

Please also read 'About the Journal' and 'Terms and Conditions'.

Contacts

We will be happy to answer your questions. Please contact us by info@customsclear.net

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en
EU’s dual-use exports - disunity or unity?
04-02-2024

The first month of 2024 started with the publication of several European documents at common European and regional level (Baltic Republics), which present interesting facts and analyses on the export and transit of prohibited, restricted or dual-use goods. These are: White paper on Export Control; Commission Recommendation (EU) 2024/214 of 10 January 2024 on guidelines setting out the methodology for data gathering and processing for the preparation of the annual report on the control of exports, brokering, technical assistance, transit and transfer of dual-use items pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2021/821 of the European Parliament and of the Council; and 'Regional Approach to Ensure Uniform Customs Controls and Information Exchange for Implementation of the EU Restrictive Measures', adopted by the Baltic Republics of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.

Boryana Peycheva

export control, sanctions
en
EU’s dual-use exports - disunity or unity?
04-02-2024

The first month of 2024 started with the publication of several European documents at common European and regional level (Baltic Republics), which present interesting facts and analyses on the export and transit of prohibited, restricted or dual-use goods. These are: White paper on Export Control; Commission Recommendation (EU) 2024/214 of 10 January 2024 on guidelines setting out the methodology for data gathering and processing for the preparation of the annual report on the control of exports, brokering, technical assistance, transit and transfer of dual-use items pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2021/821 of the European Parliament and of the Council; and 'Regional Approach to Ensure Uniform Customs Controls and Information Exchange for Implementation of the EU Restrictive Measures', adopted by the Baltic Republics of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.

Boryana Peycheva

export control, sanctions
en
Discount for customs purposes? On one condition
04-02-2024

The Israel Customs Authority does not seem to be a fan of discounts. It appealed against the judgement of the District Court, in which the court clarified that the Customs Authority cannot, on the one hand, rely on the fact that the price is subject to a condition (discount) that cannot be assessed and the transaction price is therefore invalid, and, on the other hand, base the assessment on the transaction price but without the condition. Let's take a look at what the Supreme Court had to say in this dispute. The disputed amount is about ILS 5 million (~1.3 million Eur).

Omer Wagner

valuation
en
Discount for customs purposes? On one condition
04-02-2024

The Israel Customs Authority does not seem to be a fan of discounts. It appealed against the judgement of the District Court, in which the court clarified that the Customs Authority cannot, on the one hand, rely on the fact that the price is subject to a condition (discount) that cannot be assessed and the transaction price is therefore invalid, and, on the other hand, base the assessment on the transaction price but without the condition. Let's take a look at what the Supreme Court had to say in this dispute. The disputed amount is about ILS 5 million (~1.3 million Eur).

Omer Wagner

valuation
en
EU Deforestation Regulation: Impact on Customs
31-01-2024

Note from the CCRM editors: What can we expect from customs in the future? Professor Albert Willem Veenstra addressed this question together with other authors in the article ‘The changing role of Customs: Customs aligning with supply chain and information management’ (World Customs Journal). After participating in a webinar on the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), in which Professor Veenstra shared his insights, we took the opportunity to ask about the impact of this regulation on Customs and talk about various other related topics, such as complex supply chains, new business models for customs brokers and, of course, the knowledge required to meet the demands of a modern compliance professional.

Albert Willem Veenstra

sustainability
en
EU Deforestation Regulation: Impact on Customs
31-01-2024

Note from the CCRM editors: What can we expect from customs in the future? Professor Albert Willem Veenstra addressed this question together with other authors in the article ‘The changing role of Customs: Customs aligning with supply chain and information management’ (World Customs Journal). After participating in a webinar on the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), in which Professor Veenstra shared his insights, we took the opportunity to ask about the impact of this regulation on Customs and talk about various other related topics, such as complex supply chains, new business models for customs brokers and, of course, the knowledge required to meet the demands of a modern compliance professional.

Albert Willem Veenstra

sustainability
en
EU law news January 2024
28-01-2024

News in week 4. WCO dedicates 2024 to 'Customs Engaging Traditional and New Partners with Purpose'; EU's white paper on export controls and new guidelines on data gathering and processing; uniform regional restrictive measures implementation in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia; preparation for linking the excise system EMCS to export system AES; FAQs about CBAM; updates to the tariff measures for poultrymeat, open mesh fabrics of glass fibres and mixtures of urea and ammonium nitrate; extension of protective (SPS) measures for bivalve molluscs from Türkiye.

law
en
EU law news January 2024
28-01-2024

News in week 4. WCO dedicates 2024 to 'Customs Engaging Traditional and New Partners with Purpose'; EU's white paper on export controls and new guidelines on data gathering and processing; uniform regional restrictive measures implementation in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia; preparation for linking the excise system EMCS to export system AES; FAQs about CBAM; updates to the tariff measures for poultrymeat, open mesh fabrics of glass fibres and mixtures of urea and ammonium nitrate; extension of protective (SPS) measures for bivalve molluscs from Türkiye.

law
en
A future without customs declarations and with new roles and responsibilities for importers and exporters in the EU
28-01-2024

The UCC reform proposal, if adopted, means saying goodbye to many familiar concepts (entry summary declaration, customs declaration, declarant, etc.) and welcoming new ones. We provide an overview of some proposed changes to the definitions of the UCC, which show that the current roles and responsibilities of the actors involved (e.g., exporter, importer, declarant, carrier, customs warehouse of free zone operator) as well as certain familiar customs simplifications will disappear (e.g., entry in the declarant’s records, simplified and supplementary declaration) and customs processes will change significantly, in particular due to the creation of a central EU Customs Data Hub. Economic operators concerned should analyse the forthcoming changes and draw the attention of the legislative bodies to weaknesses and possible unintended consequences in customs processes in a timely manner.

Michael Lux

law
en
A future without customs declarations and with new roles and responsibilities for importers and exporters in the EU
28-01-2024

The UCC reform proposal, if adopted, means saying goodbye to many familiar concepts (entry summary declaration, customs declaration, declarant, etc.) and welcoming new ones. We provide an overview of some proposed changes to the definitions of the UCC, which show that the current roles and responsibilities of the actors involved (e.g., exporter, importer, declarant, carrier, customs warehouse of free zone operator) as well as certain familiar customs simplifications will disappear (e.g., entry in the declarant’s records, simplified and supplementary declaration) and customs processes will change significantly, in particular due to the creation of a central EU Customs Data Hub. Economic operators concerned should analyse the forthcoming changes and draw the attention of the legislative bodies to weaknesses and possible unintended consequences in customs processes in a timely manner.

Michael Lux

law
en
CJEU: a decision on legal certainty
28-01-2024

Late payment of taxes, including import taxes recalculated as a result of discrepancies detected by customs after clearance, is subject to late payment penalties and interest. The sums can be huge, especially considering that tax reassessments can be made for three years or even longer (for example, if the dispute is in court). For an idea of how long this period can be, see the relevant Court of Justice of the EU judgement. Moreover, it is a significant Court's decision impacting the landscape of Value Added Tax (VAT) and customs law within the EU. This article delves into the Court's findings, emphasizing the principles of legal certainty and effectiveness in EU law, and exploring its implications for VAT legislation and practices.

Jonas Sakalauskas

law
en
CJEU: a decision on legal certainty
28-01-2024

Late payment of taxes, including import taxes recalculated as a result of discrepancies detected by customs after clearance, is subject to late payment penalties and interest. The sums can be huge, especially considering that tax reassessments can be made for three years or even longer (for example, if the dispute is in court). For an idea of how long this period can be, see the relevant Court of Justice of the EU judgement. Moreover, it is a significant Court's decision impacting the landscape of Value Added Tax (VAT) and customs law within the EU. This article delves into the Court's findings, emphasizing the principles of legal certainty and effectiveness in EU law, and exploring its implications for VAT legislation and practices.

Jonas Sakalauskas

law
en
The future of customs intermediaries in the UK - overview
28-01-2024

Recognising the critical role that customs intermediaries play in enabling international trade for UK businesses, the government issued a consultation that sought feedback on the concept of introducing a voluntary standard. The final phase of the consultation process concluded in August 2023. A significant consensus emerged among stakeholders on the idea of introducing a voluntary standard for customs intermediaries.

Ilona Kawka

customs brokers
en
The future of customs intermediaries in the UK - overview
28-01-2024

Recognising the critical role that customs intermediaries play in enabling international trade for UK businesses, the government issued a consultation that sought feedback on the concept of introducing a voluntary standard. The final phase of the consultation process concluded in August 2023. A significant consensus emerged among stakeholders on the idea of introducing a voluntary standard for customs intermediaries.

Ilona Kawka

customs brokers
en
Customs brokers in Europe: Shaping and establishing a future-proof role
28-01-2024

Case law tells us how importing and exporting SMEs, which do not have in-house customs expertise, understand their role and responsibilities, as well as those of a customs broker. Often, when a dispute arises with customs over penalties imposed on an importer or exporter for an offence, the company claims that it was confident that it had properly fulfilled its obligations by entrusting customs clearance to a professional service provider - the customs broker. The company therefore learns the hard way about its customs-related responsibilities and obligations. What role does the customs broker play in preventing such situations? In this article, we argue that customs brokers need to take on the role of proactive educator and suggest a way to do this.

Enrika Naujokė

customs brokers
en
Customs brokers in Europe: Shaping and establishing a future-proof role
28-01-2024

Case law tells us how importing and exporting SMEs, which do not have in-house customs expertise, understand their role and responsibilities, as well as those of a customs broker. Often, when a dispute arises with customs over penalties imposed on an importer or exporter for an offence, the company claims that it was confident that it had properly fulfilled its obligations by entrusting customs clearance to a professional service provider - the customs broker. The company therefore learns the hard way about its customs-related responsibilities and obligations. What role does the customs broker play in preventing such situations? In this article, we argue that customs brokers need to take on the role of proactive educator and suggest a way to do this.

Enrika Naujokė

customs brokers
en
Compliant on Forced Labor? Prove It: The Expansion of U.S. Anti-Forced Labor Laws and Compliance Requirements for Importers
21-01-2024

Forced labor is on the rise worldwide. The United States is one of the largest importers of merchandise at risk of being produced with forced labor and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is committed to identifying products made with forced labor and preventing them from entering the United States. From FY 2022 to date, CBP’s forced labor enforcement has impacted over $ 2 billion worth of shipments. Clearly, companies have a lot at stake, and compliance with anti-forced labor requirements is critical not only from a corporate responsibility standpoint but due to the impact it may have on a company’s financial position.

Simeon A. Yerokun

restrictions, trade barriers, sustainability
en
Compliant on Forced Labor? Prove It: The Expansion of U.S. Anti-Forced Labor Laws and Compliance Requirements for Importers
21-01-2024

Forced labor is on the rise worldwide. The United States is one of the largest importers of merchandise at risk of being produced with forced labor and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is committed to identifying products made with forced labor and preventing them from entering the United States. From FY 2022 to date, CBP’s forced labor enforcement has impacted over $ 2 billion worth of shipments. Clearly, companies have a lot at stake, and compliance with anti-forced labor requirements is critical not only from a corporate responsibility standpoint but due to the impact it may have on a company’s financial position.

Simeon A. Yerokun

restrictions, trade barriers, sustainability
en
Export promotion programmes: Lithuania's case
15-01-2024

Exports of goods are an important driver of business productivity and economic growth (Mota et al., 2021). Nobody doubts the benefits of exporting today. The government aims to increase the competitiveness of business and industry in international trade and to promote job creation and economic growth by creating a business-friendly environment. Exports are an important part of business, both for the national economy and for the growth and development of businesses themselves. Economic growth, especially in small countries, is driven by foreign trade, making the promotion of exports a crucial task for a country. The dynamics and development of export growth depend on the implementation of a targeted export policy by the government, and exports are a key factor of economic growth for various countries, including Lithuania.

Jonas Aleksonis, Dr Erika Besusparienė

export
en
Export promotion programmes: Lithuania's case
15-01-2024

Exports of goods are an important driver of business productivity and economic growth (Mota et al., 2021). Nobody doubts the benefits of exporting today. The government aims to increase the competitiveness of business and industry in international trade and to promote job creation and economic growth by creating a business-friendly environment. Exports are an important part of business, both for the national economy and for the growth and development of businesses themselves. Economic growth, especially in small countries, is driven by foreign trade, making the promotion of exports a crucial task for a country. The dynamics and development of export growth depend on the implementation of a targeted export policy by the government, and exports are a key factor of economic growth for various countries, including Lithuania.

Jonas Aleksonis, Dr Erika Besusparienė

export
en
The customs posts and their impact on customs tax control
15-01-2024

The present research covers the interpretation of the concept of customs posts and the relationship with customs tax control. The analysis of the European Union (EU) regulations showed the essential criteria for customs posts. The Maturity model was also reviewed in order to implement the EU regulations requirements for customs posts. In customs posts the Maturity model must be used in three areas – tax administration, customs administration, and information technology implementation. To assess the practical situation, it was chosen to analyse high-risk customs posts. The situation of the Suwalki corridor and the three-month data collected by two customs posts at the Kybartai Road and Raigardas Road posts were reviewed. The analysis revealed that there is a lack of available data for researchers to conduct analysis and determine the impact of selected customs posts on customs tax control.

Tomas Zymonas, Dr Erika Besusparienė

duties, taxes, law
en
The customs posts and their impact on customs tax control
15-01-2024

The present research covers the interpretation of the concept of customs posts and the relationship with customs tax control. The analysis of the European Union (EU) regulations showed the essential criteria for customs posts. The Maturity model was also reviewed in order to implement the EU regulations requirements for customs posts. In customs posts the Maturity model must be used in three areas – tax administration, customs administration, and information technology implementation. To assess the practical situation, it was chosen to analyse high-risk customs posts. The situation of the Suwalki corridor and the three-month data collected by two customs posts at the Kybartai Road and Raigardas Road posts were reviewed. The analysis revealed that there is a lack of available data for researchers to conduct analysis and determine the impact of selected customs posts on customs tax control.

Tomas Zymonas, Dr Erika Besusparienė

duties, taxes, law
en
Customs taxes influence the decision of private persons on e-commerce in the European Union
15-01-2024

Customs taxes are a form of taxation imposed on goods imported into a country. They are typically levied on the value of the goods, and are intended to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. In the European Union (EU), customs duties are harmonized across all member states. This means that the same rate of duty is applied to the same goods, regardless of which EU country they are imported into, however, there are some exceptions to this rule. Also, not only Duties has to be paid before release to free circulation. E-commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services online. It has become increasingly popular in recent years, as it offers consumers a convenient and affordable way to shop. However, the growth of e-commerce has also led to an increase in the number of goods being imported into the EU. The influence of customs taxes on e-commerce imports can have a significant impact on private persons. For example, if a private person imports goods from a country outside of the EU, they may have to pay customs taxes on those goods. This can make imported goods more expensive, it can also take more time for delivery, and can discourage private persons from importing goods from outside of the EU. The following sections of this paper will explore this topic in more detail and will discuss the various factors that can influence the impact of customs taxes on e-commerce imports for private persons and propose a theoretical model of how customs taxes affect the e-commerce of private persons.

Gertrūda Bakšienė

duties, taxes
en
Customs taxes influence the decision of private persons on e-commerce in the European Union
15-01-2024

Customs taxes are a form of taxation imposed on goods imported into a country. They are typically levied on the value of the goods, and are intended to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. In the European Union (EU), customs duties are harmonized across all member states. This means that the same rate of duty is applied to the same goods, regardless of which EU country they are imported into, however, there are some exceptions to this rule. Also, not only Duties has to be paid before release to free circulation. E-commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services online. It has become increasingly popular in recent years, as it offers consumers a convenient and affordable way to shop. However, the growth of e-commerce has also led to an increase in the number of goods being imported into the EU. The influence of customs taxes on e-commerce imports can have a significant impact on private persons. For example, if a private person imports goods from a country outside of the EU, they may have to pay customs taxes on those goods. This can make imported goods more expensive, it can also take more time for delivery, and can discourage private persons from importing goods from outside of the EU. The following sections of this paper will explore this topic in more detail and will discuss the various factors that can influence the impact of customs taxes on e-commerce imports for private persons and propose a theoretical model of how customs taxes affect the e-commerce of private persons.

Gertrūda Bakšienė

duties, taxes
en
Customs brokers and their management: current challenges and the future
14-01-2024

Customs brokers are an important part of the customs ecosystem. Both parties - traders and customs - can benefit greatly from working with these professional intermediaries. Customs brokers take on the complex tasks related to customs clearance, protect and serve the interests of the parties involved while balancing their different needs (e.g. fast delivery vs. thorough control) and save them a lot of time so they can focus on their core activities. This topic is not new, and one might think that these areas of operation should already be established and standardised. However, discussions at the 19th Authors' Meeting showed that there are still more questions than answers in the countries of Europe and America.

customs brokers
en
Customs brokers and their management: current challenges and the future
14-01-2024

Customs brokers are an important part of the customs ecosystem. Both parties - traders and customs - can benefit greatly from working with these professional intermediaries. Customs brokers take on the complex tasks related to customs clearance, protect and serve the interests of the parties involved while balancing their different needs (e.g. fast delivery vs. thorough control) and save them a lot of time so they can focus on their core activities. This topic is not new, and one might think that these areas of operation should already be established and standardised. However, discussions at the 19th Authors' Meeting showed that there are still more questions than answers in the countries of Europe and America.

customs brokers
en
Proposed U.S. Foreign Pollution Fee Act (similar to the EU’s CBAM)
14-01-2024

EU importers of cement, iron and steel, aluminium, fertilizers, electricity and hydrogen are preparing to submit their first report under the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), based on emissions data from their third-country suppliers. What about other countries? Will they also introduce such climate measures, so that EU and other countries' suppliers (exporters) should be getting ready to prepare their emissions data? Indeed, there are similar initiatives in other countries, for example, the proposed U.S. Foreign Pollution Fee Act.

Ira Reese

sustainability
en
Proposed U.S. Foreign Pollution Fee Act (similar to the EU’s CBAM)
14-01-2024

EU importers of cement, iron and steel, aluminium, fertilizers, electricity and hydrogen are preparing to submit their first report under the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), based on emissions data from their third-country suppliers. What about other countries? Will they also introduce such climate measures, so that EU and other countries' suppliers (exporters) should be getting ready to prepare their emissions data? Indeed, there are similar initiatives in other countries, for example, the proposed U.S. Foreign Pollution Fee Act.

Ira Reese

sustainability
en
UK customs-related updates: BTOM, CDS (II)
14-01-2024

Despite officially leaving the EU’s single market in January 2021, the UK has delayed introducing full border controls several times due to concerns over cost and disruption. However, we now know that these post-Brexit checks on plant and animal goods coming into the UK from EU countries will begin at the end of January 2024. What does this mean for businesses importing these goods into the UK? We provide a summary of the changes coming into effect and how the trader can prepare for these stricter border controls.

Mark Rowbotham

restrictions, trade barriers
en
UK customs-related updates: BTOM, CDS (II)
14-01-2024

Despite officially leaving the EU’s single market in January 2021, the UK has delayed introducing full border controls several times due to concerns over cost and disruption. However, we now know that these post-Brexit checks on plant and animal goods coming into the UK from EU countries will begin at the end of January 2024. What does this mean for businesses importing these goods into the UK? We provide a summary of the changes coming into effect and how the trader can prepare for these stricter border controls.

Mark Rowbotham

restrictions, trade barriers
en
UK customs-related updates: BTOM, CDS (I)
07-01-2024

Editors' note: Many economic operators in the EU and other UK trading partners are and will be affected by the ongoing customs changes in the UK. We start with a monthly overview of some important news from the UK. Many thanks to Mark Rowbotham, who recently joined the CCRM Editorial Board, for preparing the updates on the Border Target Operating Model (that will be progressively introduced from the end of January 2024) and the Customs Declaration Service (from 30 March 2024, the CDS will be the UK’s single Customs platform). Related developments are also interesting to follow for those who are not directly involved in trade with the UK but are interested in effective border management as the UK aims to create the most effective border in the world.

Mark Rowbotham

law
en
UK customs-related updates: BTOM, CDS (I)
07-01-2024

Editors' note: Many economic operators in the EU and other UK trading partners are and will be affected by the ongoing customs changes in the UK. We start with a monthly overview of some important news from the UK. Many thanks to Mark Rowbotham, who recently joined the CCRM Editorial Board, for preparing the updates on the Border Target Operating Model (that will be progressively introduced from the end of January 2024) and the Customs Declaration Service (from 30 March 2024, the CDS will be the UK’s single Customs platform). Related developments are also interesting to follow for those who are not directly involved in trade with the UK but are interested in effective border management as the UK aims to create the most effective border in the world.

Mark Rowbotham

law
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